The New York Times is an American daily newspaper A newspaper is a regularly scheduled publication containing news, information, and advertising. By 2007 there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day (55 million in the U.S). The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and founded and continuously published in New York City New York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over global commerce, finance, media, culture, art, fashion, research, education, and entertainment. As host of the since 1851. Although it remains both the largest local metropolitan newspaper in the United States as well as third largest overall behind The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal is an English-language international daily newspaper published by Dow Jones & Company, a division of News Corporation, in New York City, with Asian and European editions and USA Today USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. It was founded by Al Neuharth. The newspaper vies with The Wall Street Journal for the position of having the widest circulation of any newspaper in the United States, something it previously held since 2003. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the paper, the weekday circulation of the paper has fallen precipitously in recent years to fewer than one million copies daily for the first time since the 1980s.^[2] Nicknamed "The Gray Lady" and long regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record Newspaper of record is a term that may refer either to any publicly available newspaper that has been authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices , or any major newspaper that has a large circulation and whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered professional and typically authoritative," the Times is owned by The New York Times Company The New York Times Company is an American media company best known as the publisher of its namesake, The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. has served as Chairman of the Board since 1997. It is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City which also publishes 18 other regional newspapers including the International Herald Tribune The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English-language international newspaper. It combines the resources of its own correspondents with those of The New York Times and is printed at 35 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 180 countries. The IHT is part of The New York Times Company and The Boston Globe The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Globe has been owned by The New York Times Company since 1993. Its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. In 2009-2010 the Globe's average weekday circulation fell to 232,432, down from 302,638, or 23.2%. Sunday circulation fell 18.8% to 378,949. The company's chairman is Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. became the publisher of The New York Times in 1992 and chairman of the board of its owner, The New York Times Company, in 1997, succeeding his father, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger. Sulzberger is sometimes referred to as "Pinch," a play on his father's nickname of "Punch." whose family has controlled the paper since 1896.^[3]

The paper's motto, as printed in the upper left-hand corner of the front page, is "All the News That's Fit to Print." It is organized into sections: News, Opinions, Business, Arts, Science, Sports, Style and Features. The Times stayed with the eight-column format for several years after most papers switched to six columns, and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography Color photography is photography that uses media capable of representing colors which are produced chemically during the photographic processing phase. It is contrasted with black-and-white photography, which uses media capable only of showing shades of gray. It does not include hand colored or Photochrome photographs either. Some examples of. The Times has won 104 Pulitzer Prizes Since 1918, the New York Times daily newspaper has won 101 Pulitzer Prizes, a prize awarded for excellence in journalism in a range of categories. This is far more than any other newspaper:, the most of any news organization.^[4] Its web site was the most popular American online newspaper Web site as of December 2008, receiving more than 18 million unique visitors A unique visitor is a statistic describing a unit of traffic to a Web site, counting each visitor only once in the time frame of the report. This statistic is relevant to site publishers and advertisers as a measure of a site's true audience size, equivalent to the term "Reach" used in other media in that month.^[5]

History

The New York Times was founded on September 18, 1851, by journalist and politician Henry Jarvis Raymond Henry Jarvis Raymond was an American journalist and politician and founder of the The New York Times, the second chairman of the Republican National Committee The Republican National Committee provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Similar, and former banker George Jones George Jones was an American journalist who co-founded with Henry Jarvis Raymond the New-York Daily Times, now the New York Times, publishing its first issue on September 18, 1851 as the New-York Daily Times. Sold at an original price of one cent per copy, the inaugural edition attempted to address the various speculations on its purpose and positions that preceded its release:^[6]

We shall be Conservative, in all cases where we think Conservatism essential to the public good;—and we shall be Radical in everything which may seem to us to require radical treatment and radical reform. We do not believe that everything in Society is either exactly right or exactly wrong;—what is good we desire to preserve and improve;—what is evil, to exterminate, or reform.

The paper changed its name to The New York Times in 1857. The newspaper was originally published every day except Sunday, but on April 21, 1861, due to the demand for daily coverage of the Civil War Union blockade – Eastern – Western – Lower Seaboard – Trans-Mississippi – Pacific Coast, The Times, along with other major dailies, started publishing Sunday issues. One of the earliest public controversies in which the paper was involved was the Mortara Affair Edgardo Mortara was a Jewish boy and a Roman Catholic priest who became the center of an international controversy when he was seized from his Jewish parents by authorities of the Papal States and taken to be raised as a Catholic. The seizure of the boy followed his emergency baptism by a domestic servant during a serious infantile illness, an affair that was the object of 20 editorials in The Times alone.^[7]

The paper's influence grew during 1870–71 when it published a series of exposés of Boss Tweed William Magear Tweed , sometimes erroneously named William Marcy Tweed, known as "Boss Tweed," was an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest that led to the end of the Tweed Ring William Magear Tweed , sometimes erroneously named William Marcy Tweed, known as "Boss Tweed," was an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest's domination of New York's City Hall New York City Hall is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan between Broadway, Park Row and Chambers Street. The building itself is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions, such as the office of the Mayor of New York City and the chambers of the.^[8] In the 1880s, The Times transitioned from supporting Republican The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the Grand Old Party or the GOP, despite being the younger of the two major parties. The party's platform is generally considered right of center candidates to becoming politically independent; in 1884, the paper supported Democrat The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's modern liberal platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. It is one of the world's oldest political parties and boasts the lengthiest record of continuous operation in the United Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times—in 1884, 1888, in his first presidential election. While this move hurt The Times' readership, the paper regained most of its lost ground within a few years.^[9]

The Times was acquired by Adolph Ochs Adolph Simon Ochs was an American newspaper publisher and former owner of The New York Times and The Chattanooga Times (now the Chattanooga Times Free Press), publisher of the Chattanooga Times The Chattanooga Times Free Press is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and is distributed in the metro Chattanooga region of Tennessee and Northwest Georgia. It is one of Tennessee's major newspapers, in 1896. The following year, he coined the paper's slogan, "All The News That's Fit To Print";^[9] this was a jab at competing papers such as the New York World The New York World was a newspaper published in New York from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers and the New York Journal American The New York Journal American was a newspaper published from 1937 to 1966. The Journal American was the product of a merger between two New York newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst: The New York American , a morning paper, and the New York Evening Journal, an afternoon paper. Both were published by Hearst from 1895-1937. The Journal which were known for lurid yellow journalism Yellow journalism or the yellow press is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines and sensationalised stories to sell more newspapers. It sometimes also deceives the audience it is intended for. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering,. Under his guidance, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, and reputation. In 1904, The Times received the first on-the-spot wireless Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless transmission from a naval battle, a report of the destruction of the Russian fleet The Russian Navy or VMF (Russian: Военно-Морской Флот России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF) or literally Military Maritime Fleet of Russia) is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. The international designation of Russian naval vessels is RFS—"Russian Federation Ship" at the Battle of Port Arthur The Battle of Port Arthur was the starting battle of the Russo-Japanese War. It began with a surprise night attack by a squadron of Japanese destroyers on the Russian fleet anchored at Port Arthur, Manchuria, and continued with an engagement of major surface combatants the following morning. The battle ended inconclusively, and further skirmishing in the Yellow Sea The innermost bay of the Yellow Sea is called the Bohai Sea . Into it flow both the Yellow River (through Shandong province and its capital Jinan) and Hai He (through Beijing and Tianjin) from the press-boat Haimun during the Russo-Japanese war The Russo–Japanese War (Japanese: 日露戦争; Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō; Russian: Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna; simplified Chinese: 日 . In 1910, the first air delivery of The Times to Philadelphia Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-most-populous city in the United States began.^[9] The Times' first trans-Atlantic delivery to London occurred in 1919. In 1920, a "4 A.M. Airplane Edition" was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening.^[10]

In the 1940s, the paper extended its breadth and reach. The crossword The New York Times crossword puzzle is a daily puzzle found in The New York Times and online at the paper's website. It is also syndicated to over 300 other newspapers and journals. The puzzle is created by various freelance writers and is edited by Will Shortz. The puzzle becomes increasingly difficult throughout the week, with the easiest puzzle began appearing regularly in 1942, and the fashion section in 1946. The Times began an international edition in 1946. The international edition stopped publishing in 1967, when The Times joined the owners of the New York Herald Tribune The New York Herald Tribune was a daily newspaper created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald. It was home to such writers as Dorothy Thompson, Red Smith, Richard Watts, Jr., and Walter Kerr and begat the International Herald Tribune and New York magazine. Publication of the title ceased in 1966 and the Washington Post The Washington Post is Washington, D.C.'s largest newspaper and its oldest, founded in 1877. Located in the capital of the United States, The Post has a particular emphasis on national politics. D.C., Maryland, and Virginia editions are printed for daily circulation to publish the International Herald Tribune The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English-language international newspaper. It combines the resources of its own correspondents with those of The New York Times and is printed at 35 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 180 countries. The IHT is part of The New York Times Company in Paris. The paper bought a classical radio station (WQXR WQXR-FM is a classical radio station licensed to Newark, New Jersey and serving the New York City metropolitan area. It is the most listened-to classical music station in the United States, with an average quarter-hour audience of 63,000. On the air since 1939, WQXR-FM is also one of the oldest continuously operating FM stations in the world) in 1946.^[11] In addition to owning WQXR, the newspaper also formerly owned its AM sister, WQEW WQEW is a Radio Disney affiliate licensed to New York City. Its transmitter is located in Maspeth, Queens. WQEW has a transmitter power of 50,000 watts and is listed as a Clear-channel station. On some nights, WQEW can be picked up loud and clear as far West as Cleveland, Ohio, where it out performs WWMK AM 1260 in its distance areas (1560 AM).^[12] The classical music format was simulcast on both frequencies until the early 1990s, when the big-band and standards music format of WNEW-AM (now WBBR WBBR is a radio station, broadcasting at 1130 AM in New York City. It airs Bloomberg Radio, a service of Bloomberg L.P.. Its transmitters are located in Carlstadt, New Jersey. WBBR's format is financial news, offering a mixture of domestic and foreign financial market updates and interviews with corporate executives and industry analysts, 24 hours) moved from 1130 AM to 1560. The AM station changed its call letters from WQXR to WQEW.^[13] By the beginning of the 21st century, The Times was leasing WQEW to ABC Radio Citadel Media is an American radio network owned and operated by Citadel Broadcasting. It currently controls many of the assets of the former ABC Radio Networks, which Citadel bought in June 2007. Prominent national network programming heard through Citadel includes Mark Levin, Don Imus, Bob Brinker and Sean Hannity for its Radio Disney Radio Disney is a radio network based in Burbank, California and headquartered out of the Disney Channel headquarters on West Alameda Ave., from where it has been based since November 2008. Prior to that, the network was based in Dallas, Texas. Radio Disney broadcasts music and other content targeted at children and young teenagers; its format can format, which continues on 1560 AM. Disney The Walt Disney Company is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, the company was reincorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in the American animation became the owner of WQEW in 2007.^[12] On July 14, 2009 it was announced that WQXR was to be sold to WNYC WNYC is a non-profit, public radio station in New York City, broadcasting on 820 AM and 93.9 FM. WNYC is a member station of National Public Radio and carries a mixed news and varied music format on two radio frequencies. The station is known for its nationally-syndicated news and culture programming and its Internet radio broadcasts. WNYC reaches, who on October 8, 2009 moved the station to 105.9 FM and began to operate the station as a non-commercial.^[14]

The New York Times is third in national circulation, after USA Today USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. It was founded by Al Neuharth. The newspaper vies with The Wall Street Journal for the position of having the widest circulation of any newspaper in the United States, something it previously held since 2003. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the paper and the Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal is an English-language international daily newspaper published by Dow Jones & Company, a division of News Corporation, in New York City, with Asian and European editions. The newspaper is owned by The New York Times Company The New York Times Company is an American media company best known as the publisher of its namesake, The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. has served as Chairman of the Board since 1997. It is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, in which descendants of Adolph Ochs, principally the Sulzberger family, maintain a dominant role. In March 2009, the paper reported a circulation of 1,039,031 copies on weekdays and 1,451,233 copies on Sundays.^[15] According to a 2009 The New York Times article circulation has dropped 7.3 percent to about 928,000; this is the first time since the 1980s that it has fallen under one million.^[16] In the New York City metropolitan area, the paper costs $2 Monday through Saturday and $5 on Sunday. The Times has won 101 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper.^[17][18]

In 2009, The Times began production of local inserts in regions outside of the New York area. Beginning October 16, 2009, a two-page "Bay Area" insert was added to copies of the Northern California edition on Fridays and Sundays. The Times commenced production of a similar Friday and Sunday insert to the Chicago edition on November 20, 2009. The inserts consist of local news, policy, sports and culture pieces, usually supported by local advertisements.

In addition to its New York City headquarters, The Times has 16 news bureaus in New York State, 11 national news bureaus and 26 foreign news bureaus.^[19] The New York Times reduced its page width to 12 inches (300 mm) from 13.5 inches (340 mm) on August 6, 2007, adopting the width that has become the U.S. newspaper industry standard.^[20]

Because of its steadily declining sales in recent decades, The Times has been going through a downsizing for several years, offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses,^[21] in common with a general trend among print newsmedia.

The newspaper's first building was located at 113 Nassau Street in New York City. In 1854, it moved to 138 Nassau Street, and in 1858 it moved to 41 Park Row, making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use.^[22] The paper moved its headquarters to 1475 Broadway in 1904, in an area called Long Acre Square, which was renamed to Times Square. The top of the building is the site of the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball, which was started by the paper. The building is also notable for its electronic news ticker, where headlines crawled around the outside of the building. It is still in use, but is not operated by The Times. After nine years in Times Square, an Annex was built at 229 West 43rd Street. After several expansions, it became the company's headquarters in 1913, and the building on Broadway was sold in 1961. Until June 2007, The Times, from which Times Square gets its name, was published at offices at West 43rd Street. It stopped printing papers there on June 15, 1997.^[23]

The newspaper remained at that location until June 2007, when it moved three blocks south to 620 Eighth Avenue between West 40th and 41st Streets, in Manhattan. The new headquarters for the newspaper, The New York Times Building, is a skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano.^[24][25]

Times v. Sullivan

The paper's involvement in a 1964 libel case helped bring one of the key United States Supreme Court decisions supporting freedom of the press, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. In it, the United States Supreme Court established the "actual malice" standard for press reports about public officials or public figures to be considered defamatory or libelous. The malice standard requires the plaintiff in a defamation or libel case prove the publisher of the statement knew the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity. Because of the high burden of proof on the plaintiff, and difficulty in proving what is inside a person's head, such cases by public figures rarely succeed.^[26]

The Pentagon Papers

In 1971, the Pentagon Papers, a secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1971, were given ("leaked") to Neil Sheehan of The New York Times by former State Department official Daniel Ellsberg, with his friend Anthony Russo assisting in copying them. The Times began publishing excerpts as a series of articles on June 13. Controversy and lawsuits followed. The papers revealed, among other things, that the government had deliberately expanded its role in the war by conducting air strikes over Laos, raids along the coast of North Vietnam, and offensive actions taken by U.S. Marines well before the public was told about the actions, and while President Lyndon B. Johnson had been promising not to expand the war. The document increased the credibility gap for the U.S. government, and hurt efforts by the Nixon administration to fight the on-going war.^[27]

When The Times began publishing its series, President Richard Nixon became incensed. His words to National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger included "people have gotta be put to the torch for this sort of thing..." and "let's get the son-of-a-bitch in jail."^[28] After failing to get The Times to stop publishing, Attorney General John Mitchell and President Nixon obtained a federal court injunction that The Times cease publication of excerpts. The newspaper appealed and the case began working through the court system. On June 18, 1971, the Washington Post began publishing its own series. Ben Bagdikian, a Post editor, had obtained portions of the papers from Ellsberg. That day the Post received a call from the Assistant Attorney General, William Rehnquist, asking them to stop publishing. When the Post refused, the U.S. Justice Department sought another injunction. The U.S. District court judge refused, and the government appealed. On June 26, 1971 the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take both cases, merging them into New York Times Co. v. United States 403 US 713. On June 30, 1971, the Supreme Court held in a 6–3 decision that the injunctions were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met the burden of proof required. The justices wrote nine separate opinions, disagreeing on significant substantive issues. While it was generally seen as a victory for those who claim the First Amendment enshrines an absolute right to free speech, many felt it a lukewarm victory, offering little protection for future publishers when claims of national security were at stake.^[27]

Ownership

The Ochs-Sulzberger family, one of the United States' newspaper dynasties, has owned The Times since 1896.^[9] After the publisher went public in the 1960s, the family continued to exert control through its ownership of the vast majority of Class B voting shares. Class A shareholders are permitted restrictive voting rights while Class B shareholders are allowed open voting rights. Dual-class structures caught on in the mid-20th century as families such as the Grahams of the Washington Post Company sought to gain access to public capital without losing control. Dow Jones & Co., publisher of The Wall Street Journal, had a similar structure and was controlled by the Bancroft family; the company was later bought by the News Corporation in 2007.^[29]

Turner Catledge, the top editor at The New York Times for almost two decades, wanted to hide the ownership influence. Sulzberger routinely wrote memos to his editor, each containing suggestions, instructions, complaints, and orders. When Catledge would receive these memos he would erase the publisher’s identity before passing them to his subordinates. Catledge thought that if he removed the publisher’s name from the memos it would protect reporters from feeling pressured by the owner.^[30]

The Ochs-Sulzberger family trust controls roughly 88 percent of the company's class B shares. Any alteration to the dual-class structure must be ratified by six of eight directors who sit on the board of the Ochs-Sulzberger family trust. The Trust board members are Daniel H. Cohen, James M. Cohen, Lynn G. Dolnick, Susan W. Dryfoos, Michael Golden, Eric M. A. Lax, Arthur O. Sulzberger, Jr. and Cathy J. Sulzberger.^[31]

Missed print dates

Due to strikes, the regular edition of The New York Times was not printed during the following periods:^[32]

• December 9, 1962 to March 31, 1963. Only a western edition was printed.
• September 17, 1965 to October 10, 1965. An international edition was printed, and a weekend edition replaced the Saturday and Sunday papers.
• August 10, 1978 to November 5, 1978. A multi-union strike shut down the three major New York City newspapers. No editions of The Times were printed. Two months into the strike, a parody of The Times called Not The New York Times was given out in New York, with contributors such as Carl Bernstein, Christopher Cerf, Tony Hendra and George Plimpton.

No editions were printed on January 2 of 1852–1853 and of 1862–1867. No editions were printed on July 5 of 1861–1865.

Content

Sections

This newspaper is organized in three sections, including the magazine.

1. News: Includes International, National, Washington, Business, Technology, Science, Health, Sports, The Metro Section, Education, Weather, and Obituaries.
2. Opinion: Includes Editorials, Op-Eds and Letters to the Editor.
3. Features: Includes Arts, Movies, Theatre, Travel, NYC Guide, Dining & Wine, Home & Garden, Fashion & Style, Crossword, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine, and Week in Review

Some sections, such as Metro, are only found in the editions of the paper distributed in the New York–New Jersey–Connecticut Tri-State Area and not in the national or Washington, D.C. editions. Aside from a weekly roundup of reprints of editorial cartoons from other newspapers, The Times does not have its own staff editorial cartoonist, nor does it feature a comics page or Sunday comics section.^[33] In September 2008, The Times announced that it would be combining certain sections effective October 6, 2008, in editions printed in the New York metropolitan area. The changes folded the Metro Section into the main International / National news section and combined Sports and Business (except Saturday through Monday, when Sports is still printed as a standalone section). This change also included having the name of the Metro section be called New York outside of the Tri-State Area. The presses used by The Times allow four sections to be printed simultaneously; as the paper had included more than four sections all days except Saturday, the sections had to be printed separately in an early press run and collated together. The changes will allow The Times to print in four sections Monday through Wednesday, in addition to Saturday. The Times' announcement stated that the number of news pages and employee positions will remain unchanged, with the paper realizing cost savings by cutting overtime expenses.^[34] According to Russ Stanton, editor of the Los Angeles Times, a competitor, the newsroom of The New York Times is twice the size of the Los Angeles Times, which currently has a newsroom of 600.^[35]

Style

When referring to people, The Times generally uses honorifics, rather than unadorned last names (except in the sports pages, Book Review and Magazine). The newspaper's headlines tend to be verbose, and, for major stories, come with subheadings giving further details, although it is moving away from this style. It stayed with an eight-column format until September 1976, years after other papers had switched to six,^[36] and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography, with the first color photograph on the front page appearing on October 16, 1997.^[37] In the absence of a major headline, the day's most important story generally appears in the top-right hand column, on the main page. The typefaces used for the headlines are custom variations of Cheltenham. The running text is set at 8.7 point Imperial.^[38]

Joining a roster of other major American newspapers in recent years, including USA Today, the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, The New York Times announced on July 18, 2006, that it would be narrowing the size of its paper by one and a half inches. In an era of dwindling circulation and significant advertising revenue losses for most print versions of American newspapers, the move, which was also announced would result in a 5 percent reduction in news coverage, would have a target savings of $12 million a year for the paper.^[39] The change from the traditional 54-inches broadsheet style to a more compact 48-inch web width was addressed by both Executive Editor Bill Keller and The New York Times President Scott Heekin-Canedy in memos to the staff. Keller defended the "more reader-friendly" move indicating that in cutting out the "flabby or redundant prose in longer pieces" the reduction would make for a better paper. Similarly, Keller confronted the challenges of covering news with "less room" by proposing more "rigorous editing" and promised an ongoing commitment to "hard-hitting, ground-breaking journalism".^[40] The official change went in to effect on August 6, 2007.^[41]

The New York Times printed an advertisement on its first page on January 6, 2009, breaking tradition at the paper.^[42] The advertisement for CBS was in color and was the entire width of the page.^[43] The newspaper promised it would place first-page advertisements on only the lower half of the page.^[42]

Web presence

The Times has had a strong presence on the Web since 1996, and has been ranked one of the top Web sites. Accessing some articles requires registration, though this can be bypassed in some cases through Times RSS feeds.^[44] The website had 555 million pageviews in March 2005.^[45] The domain nytimes.com attracted at least 146 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study. The Times Web site ranks 59th by number of unique visitors, with over 20 million unique visitors in March 2009 making it the most visited newspaper site with more than twice the number of unique visitors as the next most popular site.^[46] Also, as of May 2009, nytimes.com produced 22 of the 50 most popular newspaper blogs.^[47]

In September 2005, the paper decided to begin subscription-based service for daily columns in a program known as TimesSelect, which encompassed many previously free columns. Until being discontinued two years later, TimesSelect cost $7.95 per month or $49.95 per year,^[48] though it was free for print copy subscribers and university students and faculty.^[49][50] To work around this, bloggers often reposted TimesSelect material,^[51] and at least one site once compiled links of reprinted material.^[52] On September 17, 2007, The Times announced that it would stop charging for access to parts of its Web site, effective at midnight the following day, reflecting a growing view in the industry that subscription fees cannot outweigh the potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site.^[53] In addition to opening almost the entire site to all readers, The Times news archives from 1987 to the present are available at no charge, as well as those from 1851 to 1922, which are in the public domain.^[54][55] Access to the Premium Crosswords section continues to require either home delivery or a subscription for $6.95 per month or $39.95 per year. Times columnists including Nicholas Kristof and Thomas Friedman had criticized TimesSelect,^[56][57] with Friedman going so far as to say "I hate it. It pains me enormously because it’s cut me off from a lot, a lot of people, especially because I have a lot of people reading me overseas, like in India ... I feel totally cut off from my audience."^[58]

The Times is also the first newspaper to offer a video game as part of its editorial content, Food Import Folly by Persuasive Games.^[59]

reCAPTCHA is currently helping to digitize old editions of The New York Times.^[60]

Mobile presence

The Times Reader is a digital version of The Times. It was created via a collaboration between the newspaper and Microsoft. Times Reader takes the principles of print journalism and applies them to the technique of online reporting. Times Reader uses a series of technologies developed by Microsoft and their Windows Presentation Foundation team. It was announced in Seattle in April 2006 by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., Bill Gates, and Tom Bodkin.

In 2008, The Times created an app for the iPhone and iPod touch which allowed users to download articles to their mobile device enabling them to read the paper even when they were unable to receive a signal.

The New York Times in Moscow

Communication with its Russian readers is a special project of The New York Times launched at February 2008, guided by Clifford J. Levy. Some Times articles covering the broad spectrum of political and social topics in Russia are being translated into Russian and offered for attention of Russia's bloggers in The Times community blog.^[61] After that, selected responses of Russian bloggers are being translated into English and published at The New York Times site among comments from English readers.^[62][63]

Controversy and criticism

The paper has often been accused of giving too little or too much coverage to events for reasons not related to objective journalism. Laurel Leff, associate professor of journalism at Northeastern University, concluded that the newspaper had downplayed the Third Reich targeting of Jews for genocide. Her 2005 book "Buried by the Times" documents the Times' tendency before, during and after World War II to place deep inside its daily editions the news stories about the ongoing persecution and extermination of Jews, while obscuring in those stories the special impact of the Nazis' crimes on Jews in particular. Professor Leff attributes this dearth in part to the complex personal and political views of the newspaper's publisher, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, concerning jewishness, anti-semitism, and zionism.^[64]

During the war, Times journalist William L. Laurence was "on the payroll of the War Department".^[65][66] Another serious charge is the accusation that The Times, through its coverage of the Soviet Union by correspondent Walter Duranty, intentionally downplayed the Ukrainian famine of the 1930s.^[67][68]

In May 2003, Times reporter Jayson Blair was forced to resign from the newspaper after he was caught plagiarizing and fabricating elements of his stories. Some critics contended that Blair's race was a major factor in The Times' initial reluctance to fire him.^[69] Reporter Judith Miller retired after criticisms that her reporting of the lead-up to the Iraq war was factually inaccurate and overtly favorable to the Bush administration's position, for which The Times was forced to apologize.^[70][71] One of Miller's prime sources was Ahmed Chalabi, who after the U.S. occupation became the interim oil minister of Iraq and is now head of the Iraqi services committee.^[72] However, reporter Michael R. Gordon, who shared byline credit with Miller on some of the early Iraq stories, continues to report on military affairs for The Times.^[73]

The Times has been variously described as having a liberal bias or described as being a liberal newspaper,^[74][75] or of having a conservative bias on certain issues by some writers.

According to a 2007 survey by Rasmussen Reports of public perceptions of major media outlets, 40% believe The Times has a liberal slant and 11% believe it has a conservative slant.^[76] In December 2004 a University of California, Los Angeles study gave The Times a score of 73.7 on a 100 point scale, with 0 being most conservative and 100 being most liberal.^[77] The validity of the study has been questioned by various organizations, including the liberal media watchdog group Media Matters for America.^[78] In mid-2004, the newspaper's then public editor (ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, wrote a piece in which he concluded that The Times did have a liberal bias in coverage of certain social issues such as gay marriage. He claimed that this bias reflected the paper's cosmopolitanism, which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City. Okrent did not comment at length on the issue of bias in coverage of "hard news", such as fiscal policy, foreign policy, or civil liberties, but did state that the paper's coverage of the Iraq war was insufficiently critical of the George W. Bush administration.^[79]

Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, a progressive media criticism organization, has accused The New York Times of following the "Reagan administration's PR strategy" in the 1980s by "emphasizing liberal repressive measures in Nicaragua [by the leftist Sandinista government] and downplaying or ignoring more serious human rights abuses elsewhere in Central America" (namely in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, countries with governments backed by the Reagan administration).^[80]

For its coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, some have claimed that the paper is pro-Palestinian; and others have claimed that it is pro-Israel.^[81][82][83] A controversial book, called The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy by Political Science professors John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, allege that The New York Times sometimes criticizes Israeli policies, but is not even handed and is generally pro-Israel.^[84] On the other hand, the Simon Wiesenthal Center has criticized The Times for printing anti-Semitic cartoons regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.^[85]

However, as public editor Clark Hoyt concluded in his January 10, 2009 column, "Though the most vociferous supporters of Israel and the Palestinians do not agree, I think The Times, largely barred from the battlefield and reporting amid the chaos of war, has tried its best to do a fair, balanced and complete job — and has largely succeeded." ^[86]

Critics have also charged that The New York Times is Indophobic, and promotes neocolonialism with its slanted and negative coverage of India.^[87] American lawmaker Kumar P. Barve has called a recent NYT editorial on India as full of "blatant and unprofessional factual errors or omissions", and having a "haughty, condescending, arrogant and patronizing" tone that reminded him of the British Raj.^[88] Sumit Ganguly, a visiting scholar at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, has similarly criticized the NYT in Forbes, finding anti-India bias in The Times' coverage of the Kashmir Conflict, the Hyde Act, and other India-related matters.^[89]

Reason Magazine editor Jacob Sullum has accused the Times of being "inconsistent" in its defense of the First Amendment, saying that "the paper's editorialists are not eager to defend people's rights when they have trouble identifying with them."^[90]

Reprints of film reviews

These are the only English-language periodicals with 10,000 or more film reviews reprinted in book form:

• The Times as New York Times Film Reviews (1913–2000) in 22 volumes.
• Variety as Variety Film Reviews (1907–1996) in 24 volumes.
• Harrison's Reports as Harrison's Reports and Film Reviews (1919–1962) in 15 volumes.

Film reviews in The Times continued after the last reprints.

Prices

The Times prices are: $2.00 Daily, for Metro and National edition. On Sunday, they are $5.00 for the Metro edition and $6.00 or $7.00 for the national edition.

See also

• List of newspapers in the United States
• The New York Times Best Seller list
• The New York Times employees
• Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times staff
• Periodical publication

References

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90. ^ Sullum, Jacob (2010-04-28) Free Speech for Us: The Gray Lady’s inconsistent defense of the First Amendment, Reason

External links

• Works related to The New York Times at Wikisource
• Media related to New York Times at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website
• New York Times Timeline 2001–Present at The New York Times Company
• Talk to the Newsroom: Executive Editor, The New York Times, January 28, 2009
• Davis, Elmer Holmes (1921). History of the New York Times, 1851–1921. New York: The New York Times. http://books.google.com/books?id=z0gOAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved July 15, 2009.

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